Más alla del binomio EPOC-tabaco: nuevas oportunidades para la prevención y tratamiento precoz de la enfermedad / Beyond the COPD-tobacco binomium: New opportunities for the prevention and early treatment of the disease

La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) ha sido tradicionalmente entendida como una enfermedad autoinfligida por el hábito tabáquico que ocurre en adultos de más de 50-60 años. Este paradigma tradicional ha cambiado en los últimos 10 años por la aparición de nueva evidencia científica que muestra que existen otros muchos factores genéticos (G) y del entorno (E) asociados a baja función pulmonar, que varían, se acumulan e interaccionan con el tiempo (T), incluso desde antes del nacimiento (G×E×T). Esta nueva perspectiva abre nuevas ventanas de oportunidad temporal para la prevención, diagnóstico temprano y terapéutica personalizada de la EPOC. Esta revisión presenta esta nueva evidencia científica y discute las implicaciones prácticas que comporta, con especial énfasis en la importancia de una historia clínica que recoja posibles eventos tempranos en la vida y el uso de la espirometría forzada como marcador de salud global. (AU)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been traditionally understood as a self-inflicted disease cause by tobacco smoking occurring in individuals older than 50–60 years. This traditional paradigm has changed over the last decade because new scientific evidence showed that there are many genetic (G) and environmental (E) factors associated with reduced lung function, that vary, accumulate, and interact over time (T), even before birth (G×E×T). This new perspective opens novel windows of opportunity for the prevention, early diagnosis, and personalized treatment of COPD. This review presents the evidence that supports this proposal, as well as its practical implications, with particular emphasis on the need that clinical histories in patients with suspected COPD should investigate early life events and that spirometry should be used much more widely as a global health marker. (AU)

Development of Lung Function in Preterm Infants During the First Two Years of Life.

INTRODUCTION: It remains unclear if prematurity itself can influence post delivery lung development and particularly, the bronchial size. AIM: To assess lung function during the first two years of life in healthy preterm infants and compare the measurements to those obtained in healthy term infants during the same time period. METHODS: This observational longitudinal study assessed lung function in 74 preterm (30+0 to 35+6 weeks' gestational age) and 76 healthy term control infants who were recruited between 2011 and 2013. Measurements of tidal breathing, passive respiratory mechanics, tidal and raised volume forced expirations (V'maxFRC and FEF25-75, respectively) were undertaken following administration of oral chloral hydrate sedation according to ATS/ERS recommendations at 6- and 18-months corrected age. RESULTS: Lung function measurements were obtained from the preterm infants and full term controls initially at 6 months of age. Preterm infants had lower absolute and adjusted values (for gestational age, postnatal age, sex, body size, and confounding factors) for respiratory compliance and V'maxFRC. At 18 months corrected postnatal age, similar measurements were repeated in 57 preterm infants and 61 term controls. A catch-up in tidal volume, respiratory mechanics parameters, FEV0.5 and forced expiratory flows was seen in preterm infants. CONCLUSION: When compared with term controls, the lower forced expiratory flows observed in the healthy preterm group at 6 months was no longer evident at 18 months corrected age, suggesting a catch-up growth of airway function.

Beyond the COPD-tobacco binomium: New opportunities for the prevention and early treatment of the disease. / Más alla del binomio EPOC-tabaco: nuevas oportunidades para la prevención y tratamiento precoz de la enfermedad.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been traditionally understood as a self-inflicted disease cause by tobacco smoking occurring in individuals older than 50-60 years. This traditional paradigm has changed over the last decade because new scientific evidence showed that there are many genetic (G) and environmental (E) factors associated with reduced lung function, that vary, accumulate, and interact over time (T), even before birth (G×E×T). This new perspective opens novel windows of opportunity for the prevention, early diagnosis, and personalized treatment of COPD. This review presents the evidence that supports this proposal, as well as its practical implications, with particular emphasis on the need that clinical histories in patients with suspected COPD should investigate early life events and that spirometry should be used much more widely as a global health marker.

Development of Lung Function in Preterm Infants During the First Two Years of Life / Desarrollo de la función pulmonar en lactantes pretérmino durante los 2 primeros años de vida

Introduction: It remains unclear if prematurity itself can influence post delivery lung development and particularly, the bronchial size.AimTo assess lung function during the first two years of life in healthy preterm infants and compare the measurements to those obtained in healthy term infants during the same time period.MethodsThis observational longitudinal study assessed lung function in 74 preterm (30+0 to 35+6 weeks’ gestational age) and 76 healthy term control infants who were recruited between 2011 and 2013. Measurements of tidal breathing, passive respiratory mechanics, tidal and raised volume forced expirations (V’maxFRC and FEF25–75, respectively) were undertaken following administration of oral chloral hydrate sedation according to ATS/ERS recommendations at 6- and 18-months corrected age.ResultsLung function measurements were obtained from the preterm infants and full term controls initially at 6 months of age. Preterm infants had lower absolute and adjusted values (for gestational age, postnatal age, sex, body size, and confounding factors) for respiratory compliance and V’maxFRC. At 18 months corrected postnatal age, similar measurements were repeated in 57 preterm infants and 61 term controls. A catch-up in tidal volume, respiratory mechanics parameters, FEV0.5 and forced expiratory flows was seen in preterm infants.ConclusionWhen compared with term controls, the lower forced expiratory flows observed in the healthy preterm group at 6 months was no longer evident at 18 months corrected age, suggesting a catch-up growth of airway function. (AU)

Introducción: Todavía no está claro si la prematuridad por sí sola puede tener influencia en el desarrollo pulmonar tras el parto y, en particular, en el tamaño bronquial.ObjetivoValorar la función pulmonar durante los 2 primeros años de vida en lactantes pretérmino sanos y comparar las medidas con las obtenidas en lactantes nacidos a término sanos durante el mismo periodo de tiempo.MétodosEste ensayo longitudinal observacional valoró la función pulmonar en 74 lactantes pretérmino (30+0 a 35+6 semanas de edad gestacional) y 76 lactantes nacidos a término sanos como controles, que se seleccionaron entre 2011 y 2013. Se llevaron a cabo las mediciones de la respiración corriente, la mecánica respiratoria pasiva, los flujos espiratorios forzados a volumen corriente y con insuflación previa (V’maxFRC y FEF25-75, respectivamente) tras la sedación con hidrato de cloral siguiendo las recomendaciones de las ATS/ERS a la edad corregida de 6 y 18 meses.ResultadosInicialmente se obtuvieron las medidas de función pulmonar de los lactantes pretérmino y los controles a término a los 6 meses de edad. Los lactantes pretérmino presentaron unos valores absolutos y ajustados (a la edad gestacional, la edad posnatal, el sexo, el tamaño corporal y los factores de confusión) menores para la distensibilidad pulmonar y la V’maxFRC. A los 18 meses de edad posnatal corregida, se repitieron las mismas mediciones en 57 lactantes pretérmino y 61 controles a término. Se observó una recuperación del volumen corriente, los parámetros de mecánica respiratoria, el FEV0,5 y los flujos espiratorios forzados en los lactantes pretérmino.ConclusiónEn comparación con los controles a término, los flujos espiratorios forzados más bajos observados en el grupo de pretérminos sanos a los 6 meses no se observaron a los 18 meses de edad corregida, lo que evidencia un crecimiento de recuperación de la función de la vía respiratoria. (AU)

Long Non-Coding RNA NANCI/NKX2-1 Duplex Impacts Prognosis in Stage I Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: NANCI, an intergenic long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is essential for buffering NKX2-1 expression during embryonic development and in adult tissue. We analyzed NANCI and NKX2-1 in human lung embryonic samples and adult lung tissues and evaluated their potential as prognostic markers in stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS AND RESULTS: NANCI and NKX2-1 expression was assessed by TaqMan assays in 18 human embryonic samples from 8 to 13 weeks, 59 non-tumoral (NT) lung tissue samples, and 98 stage I NSCLC tumor samples. NANCI and NKX2-1 expression in embryonic and NSCLC samples were downregulated in comparison to adult NT tissue. Patients with low expression of NANCI had shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) than those with high levels (47.6 vs 69.3 months, P=0.032 and 57.7 vs 77.6 months, P=0.021, respectively). When the expression levels of NANCI and NKX2-1 were evaluated in combination, four groups were identified (high NANCI/high NKX2-1, low NANCI/high NKX2-1, high NANCI/low NKX2-1 and low NANCI/low NKX2-1) with differential impact on DFS (P=0.042) and OS (P=0.024). Interestingly, the high NANCI/high NKX2-1 duplex group had longer DFS and OS than the other three groups (71.25 vs 46.3 months, P=0.009 and 81.3 vs 56.1 months, P=0.004, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, the high NANCI/high NKX2-1 duplex was identified as an independent prognostic factor for longer DFS (HR 0.346, 95% CI, 0.169-0.709; P=0.004) and OS (HR 0.309, 95% CI, 0.121-0.786; P=0.014). CONCLUSIONS: NANCI and the NANCI-NKX2-1 duplex impacts prognosis in stage I NSCLC patients.

Evaluación del índice Doppler tiempo de aceleración/tiempo de eyección sistólico de la arteria pulmonar como indicador de desarrollo pulmonar en fetos pretérmino

Objetivos: Evaluar del índice Doppler tiempo de aceleración/tiempo de eyección sistólico de la arteria pulmonar, como indicador de desarrollo pulmonar en fetos pretérmino. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo y descriptivo. Institución: Hospital III Honorio Delgado, Arequipa, Perú. Participantes: Gestantes pretérmino. Intervenciones: Desde julio de 2011 hasta agosto de 2012, a fetos de gestantes entre 25 y 36 semanas de gestación, que acudieron al hospital para evaluación ecográfica de rutina sin evidencia de patología, se realizó Doppler del tronco de la arteria pulmonar y se correlacionó el índice tiempo de aceleración/tiempo de eyección sistólico (índice TA/TE) con la edad gestacional. Principales medidas de resultados: Valor promedio del índice por grupos de edad gestacional y comparación de los mismos. Resultados: Se evaluó 93 gestantes pretérmino con edad materna promedio de 22,4 años y se encontró una correlación lineal rho de 0,67 en la medición del índice TA/TE de la arteria pulmonar, en relación con la edad gestacional. Los valores promedio del índice TA/TE fueron 0,228 y 0,258 para las gestaciones de 29-30 y 31-32 semanas, respectivamente, habiendo diferencia significativa (p<0,05). Los valores medio del índice TA/TE para las gestaciones de 33-34 y 35-36 semanas fueron 0,272 y 0,292, respectivamente, siendo estadísticamente diferentes (p<0,05). Conclusiones: El índice Doppler tiempo de aceleración/tiempo de eyección sistólico de la arteria pulmonar mostró correlación lineal con la edad gestacional y sufrió un cambio significativo coincidente e indicador del desarrollo alveolar pulmonar.

Objectives: To determine fetal pulmonary artery acceleration time/systolic ejection time Doppler index as marker of pulmonary development in preterm fetuses. Design: Prospective, descriptive study. Setting: Hospital III Honorio Delgado, Arequipa, Peru. Participants: Preterm pregnant women with no evidence of pathology. Interventions: Between July 2011 and August 2012, correlation of acceleration time/systolic ejection time pulmonary artery Doppler index (AT/ET index) with gestational age was performed in pregnant women 25 through 36 weeks of gestation attended in routine hospital ultrasound evaluation. Main outcome measures: Mean index value by age groups and comparison. Results: In 93 preterm pregnant women 22.4 year-old average there was rho linear correlation in pulmonary artery AT/ET index estimation in relation to gestational age. AT/ET index average values were 0.228 and 0.258 for respectively 29-30 and 31-32 weeks with significant difference (p<0.05). AT/ET index values for 33-34 and 35-36 weeks gestations were respectively 0.272 and 0.292, statistically different (p<0.05). Conclusions: Acceleration time/systolic ejection time Doppler index of the fetal pulmonary artery showed linear correlation with gestational age and had a significant change coincident and marker of pulmonary alveolar development.

Embriología del desarrollo de los bronquios y el parénquima pulmonar / Embryology of development of the bronchi and lung parenchyma

Las malformaciones congénitas de aparato respiratorio son un extenso número de patologías que oscilan en gravedad dependiendo del momento embriológico en que se dio el fallo y cuales mecanismos fueron afectados. En la revisión se profundiza en patologías congénitas como el secuestro broncopulmonar y la malformación adenomatoide quística...

Malformación adenomatoidea quística pulmonar de presentación tardía: revisión del tema y presentación de un caso / Review and case report: late-onset congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung

The congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) of the lungs is a rare congenital abnormality that it is usually discovered during childhood. Late-onset CCAM is extremely uncommon, usually detected as a radiographic finding in adult patients. Timely diagnosis of this condition is important mainly because of the risk of recurrent infections and mainly forits neoplastic potential. The case ofan adult patient is presented.

La malformación adenomatoídea quística pulmonar es una extraña anomalía congénita que frecuentemente se detecta durante la infancia. La presentación tardía es poco frecuente y más comúnmente se detecta como un hallazgo radiológico en adultos. El diagnóstico de esta patología es importante, principalmente por el riesgo de infecciones recurrentes y transformación neoplásica.